The Journey to Menifee (Fee) Logan
Figure 1 – From L-R Thomas, Earl, Nellie, Pearl, Menifee, and Roy Logan
Chapter Four
Coming to Virginia (1700 to 1770)
David Logan, Jane McKinley, Frances McCowin, his wife (name not clear), Willaim Logan Sr and Agnes (Nancy) McCown
It is the belief of this author that David Logan, Frances McCown and both of their wives are descended from lowland Scots, most likely in Ayrshire, who migrated to Ulster (now Northern Ireland) in the early 1600s. This would mean that both Frances and David were born somewhere in Ulster[1]. While we do not have any records proving their birth in Ulster Ireland[i], there is strong circumstantial evidence.
The most compelling is that we know they both came from Ireland and settled in Augusta County which was primarily settled by the Ulster Scots[ii]. In their community we know that they had strong relationships with other Ulster Scots, like John Patterson (more on him later). Finally, their date of arrival coincides with a major migration out of Ulster.
Therefore, we can say with a high degree of confidence that in the very early 1700s [2] both David, Jane, Frances and Margaret (and/or Mary) were born in Ulster, nearly 100 years after their ancestors migrated there. Let’s meet them!
Introductions
On the 22nd of May 1740 David Logan joined 13 other heads of family at the Orange County court and “made oath that he imported himself, Jane his wife, Mary and William Logan from Ireland to Philadelphia, and thence into this colony, and that this is the first time of his proving his or their rights in order to obtain land[iii].” On 24 July of the same year, Frances McCowin made the same oath bringing with him “Mary his wife, Macklan and Elizabeth McCowin[iv].” This begins the story of our ancestors in the Americas.
As discuss prior we do not know where David was born or who his parents are. Unfortunately, the picture does not get any clearer for Jane McKinley whom he married probably sometime around 1730. In fact, even her maiden name is in some doubt as I could only corroborate it on a Sons of the American Revolution Member Application, and the fact that their son’s name was “Benjamin McKinley Logan”. She is only mentioned twice, once when David made the oath of importation and second as a witness to a land sale (both as Jane Logan). There is also lack of clarity on exactly who Mary and William are. Though I suspect they are their children, they could be David’s siblings, or even David’s parents[3]?
We have a similar issue with Frances (also spelled Francis) where every path comes up dry prior to arriving in the colonies. His wife is also a mystery. In his oath of importation, he mentions “Mary his wife”. However, in his will his wife is named Margaret. It is possible that they are the same person it is also possible that he had a second wife after his first died (though there is no death record). One possibility is that Mary/Margaret is the daughter of John Patterson and Agnes, last name unknown (LNU). John was clearly very close to Frances to the point that in his will he asks “my body to be interred in the grave yard that is hard?[4] by Francis McCowns”[v]. Frances is also his executor (along with John’s wife Agnes). Unfortunately, in his will, John does not mention Mary or Margaret. Is that because she is already married? Is that because she is not his daughter? With existing data there is no way to know, so the Patterson’s will not be part of this story.
The Journey – Over the Ocean
There are no direct records telling us what ship(s) they took, or when they arrived in Philadelphia, but it was likely sometime between 1730 and 1739. We know this as they appeared in court in 1740, after what would have been a very long journey. It would start by traveling, mostly on foot, to a local port, likely in Belfast or Londonderry. Once they got on the boat the journey would take 6-10 weeks as weather greatly impacted sailing ships[vi].
This sea voyage would be quite difficult and even dangerous, but it must have been an amazing experience. In 1726, Henry Clark wrote a journal of his voyage from 22 July to 11 October (nearly 3 months). In it, he recorded many false starts out of England due to poor wind, nervous ship encounters, until they raised their colors. He also mentioned seeing flying fish, sharks with Pilot fish, and fishing for Dolphin (I assume Mahi Mahi), strange birds (one they rescued when it was blown off course). He also talked about how lonely he felt “when we have been for a considerable time tossing on the vast waters, far from the sight of any land or ship, or any mortal creature but ourselves (except a few fish and sea birds) the whole world, for aught we know, may be under a second deluge, and we (like Noah and his company in the Ark) the only surviving remnant of the human race.” He also experienced “the most violent shower of rain I ever saw, insomuch that the sea looked like a cream dish[vii].” Hopefully neither the Logan nor McCown family suffered from sea sickness!
The Destination
Once in Philadelphia, their journey was not over. It is likely that both families had modest means and we know that they were looking for agriculture opportunities. Therefore, the frontiers with cheap and large quantities of land likely held quite a bit of appeal. In the end the choice was clear – Augusta County VA.
To better understand why Augusta, it is worth looking at a bit of history. In 1738 Augusta County was created out of Orange County VA[viii]. Demonstrating the Colonies westward expansion goals, it was drawn with an infinite westward border. This included what is today known as the Shenandoah Valley which had settlers as early as 1726. In support of the desire to grow, nearly two thirds of a million acres were made available to the public. In 1738 much of this was aquired by large land speculators with Willaim Beverly taking much of the land around modern-day Staunton and Benjamin Borden much of the land from Lexington to Kerrs Creek by the Maury River.
To ensure that they profited from the land they hired agents and set up advertisements in Pennsylvania selling land at the rate of 3 pounds per hundred Acres[ix]. This opportunity combined with a strong Scotch-Irish culture had to appeal to the Logan and the McCown families.
The Journey – Over land
Having decided to go to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, they faced a nearly 300-mile overland journey on the “Great Wagon Road”. Don’t let the name fool you, it was neither a road nor would they have ridden on wagons. This “road” is probably better referred to as a transportation corridor with rough dirt paths leading you to your destination. If they were lucky enough to have some money, they could have hitched a cargo wagon to a horse. Most people would use “Conestoga Wagons” that had a curved bottom to keep their jostling cargo moving towards the center, showing how rough the journey was.
To better understand their journey, we turn to a journal by a group from the Moravian Church[x]. In 1756, they traveled from Bethlehem PA to North Carolina via the Shenandoah Valley. Their first set back was when they realized that their wagon was several inches too wide to stay on the “beaten tack”. Fortunately, they found a smith to repair it. Food was also a challenge, if lucky they could hunt, otherwise they would go to plantations along the trail to try to buy provisions for themselves and their horses. Over and over in their journal they would comment on how long it would take to find “good water”.
The road itself also offered many challenges, they would have to ford streams and rivers. As illustrated when the made it to the “Patomik”, “Br[5]. Jac. Losch rode in first to find the ford which makes a decided curve between the banks. We crossed safely but it was very difficult to drive out at the other end and we had a great deal of trouble to get up the bank.” If it was not rivers, it was hills “where everyone had to help push or we could not have made it, for our horses were quite exhausted.”
The weather was a challenge, sometimes the rain was so heavy, they had no choice but to set camp. From their writing it was clear that they were often in damp clothing. Oh, and after a big rain they would be greatly delayed when, inevitably, their wagon got stuck in the mud.
Without GPS or basic maps, they would often face forks in the road and later find out that they took the more difficult road. In one case seeking directions they went to a “tavern keeper named “Severe” and “inquired about our way but could get no definite information.” Having learned their lesson, they kept asking locals and eventually found a woman who knew the best route.
Finally, there were people to worry about. Each night when they camped they would have to set out guards. It does not appear that this party was put in any real danger, but they did encounter some of our ilk. On their 4th night “at midnight a drunken Irishman[6] came and laid himself by our fire but did not disturb us.” Later on, shortly after crossing the Susquehanna River, they came to a town that is “chiefly inhabited by Irishmen.” Therefore, they went “four miles beyond Carl Isles so as not to be too near the Irish Presbyterians.” On the other hand, they continually commented that “people were friendly and assisted the travelers gladly.”
In the end, for the Logan’s and the McCown’s, the journey was worth it. The Shenandoah Valley is breath taking, running between the Blue Ridge and the Appalachians. It is such a natural wonder that Shenandoah National Park was established on December 26, 1935. In addition to beauty there are practical benefits. Our journalist says it well: “despite the hills this is a fertile section, with few stones and a rich black soil.” It would be harder to find better land for farming.
Arrival
The exact date of arrival is not completely clear, but thanks to the Orange County[7] court records, we know that by June of 1740 both the McCown and Logan Families were in Augusta County. The first record of any kind is in 1739 when “Francis McCune of Orange County, Farmer” purchased 196.5 acres from William Beverly[xi]. This property was by Lewis Creek, which is in modern day Staunton. I am not sure if they lived here initially since they eventually settled well south in what is today Rockbride County[8].
For Logan’s, I did not find any early land purchases. However, there is a record of them selling 400 acres on the North River which is near present day Lexington (indicating an early purchase there). This would be on Benjamin Borden’s land.
1740 Augusta was clearly on the frontier; however, it must have felt a bit like a home away from home. A vast majority of their neighbors would have been from Ulster[xii]. This was also the time that their congregations received a permanent reverend, John Craig.
This was not, however, an untouched wilderness they were settling into. The Shenandoah Valley represented the southern reaches of the “Six Nations” Native American,[9] who (before any European settlers) would often come here to hunt game. When leaving they would burn the new undergrowth leaving grassy plains for buffaloes[xiii]. By 1740 settlers were already turning the grasslands to farms disrupting hunting lands for those that preceded them. Conflict was inevitable.
Life in the Valley[xiv]
In 1716 Governor Spotswood entered the valley and “took possession for King George the first of England”. His company also proved the ability to cross the mountains into the valley. Of his trip he wrote that they “went to the top of the highest mountain with their horses, tho’ they had hitherto been thought to be unpassable.[xv]” Ten years later a German settlement was established on the Shenandoah River[xvi] marking the beginning of German and Scotch Irish settlers into the Shenandoah Valley.
Life in a farming community on the western edge of the British Colonies would be interesting. Just going to the market would require a ~100-mile overland journey to Falmouth or Fredericksburg. If you sold cattle you would have to drive them to southeastern Pennsylvania. There was, however, a healthy economy based on cattle, horses, crops, cheese, butter, and furs. The main crops were grains and some cotton. The furs are especially interesting as they give a deeper glance at wildlife in this area. Principle furs would include Wolves, Elk, Deer, Beaver, Buffalo, and Black Fox. For a time, wildlife was abundant in the Valley.
The level of comfort did change over time. When settlers first came to the Valley, they were living in single room 16×20’ log cabins. By 1745 we start to see “good and comfortable homes, generally of logs, but weatherboarded, ceiled, and plastered.”[xvii] Some houses were large. For example, the Stevenson house was built in 1756 and stood until 1870. It was 3200 sq ft with two stories and 2 stone chimneys.
Dress changed around this time as well with silk and satin clothing coming into style. We also saw a major increase in the amount of liquor and Madeira wine. Though we do not see many court cases involving public drunkenness. It is also around this time we see school records, an influx of ministers. Showing the desire for entertainment, reverend John Hindman was known as a “Racing Parson” and owned 29 horses and a Jockey Coat.[xviii]
One major attraction was the ability for the Scotch Irish to practice their religion. On 30 May 1738 the Presbyterian Ministers held a “Synod” in Philadelphia which resulted in their writing to Lieutenant Governor of the Virginia Colony, “Willaim Gooch”. In it they discussed that many settlers in “the remote part of your government” are of the “same persuasion as the Church of Scotland”. They went on to ask, “your favour in allowing them the liberty of their consciences, and of worshipping God in a way agreeable to the principles of their education.” Gooch responded by saying “I have always inclined to favour the people who have lately removed from other provinces to settle on the western side of our great mountains, so you may be assured that no interruption shall be given to any minister of your profession.” That of course is as long as they follow the rules prescribed in the Act of Toleration[10] and behave themselves “peaceably towards the government” [xix].
With this freedom, Rev. John Craig came to the colony living on Lewis Creek. In his journal he noted that settlement “The place was a new settlement, without a place of worship, or any church order, a wilderness in the proper sense, and a few Christian settlers in it with numbers of the heathens travelling among us, but generally civil, though some persons were murdered by them about that time[xx].”
In short, this is the kind of environment that would richly reward hard working industrious people. This would have been a very tight community providing for their own defense reinforcing the need for a strong social construct While this type of environment would create great opportunities it also had to be quite taxing physically, since many of my ancestors and their children only making it until their 50s.
Slavery
I feel the need to recognize that not all of this was accomplished through independent success. Though not common in the 18th century, there was slavery in Augusta County, and the slaves would have had a very different (and far worse) experience to what I described above. I do not have any records of the Logan and McCown families owning slaves at this time, in fact Frances is referred to as “Yeoman” which meant he was a small landowner and family farmer who typically did not own slave. However, William Logan (David’s Son) and Agnes McCown (Frances’s Daughter) certainly owned slaves.
I must admit that it was very upsetting when I confirmed that my ancestors were indeed slave owners (this is not limited to the Logan line). In my view Slavery and the treatment of Native Americans are major stains on the county I love. I will do my best to treat both honestly and with respect. Remembering our history is probably the best way to ensure we don’t repeat it.
The Logans
Having settled in Augusta VA[11], it was not long before they had something to celebrate when on 5 July 1741 their daughter Margaret was baptized by the Reverend John Craig[xxi]. This was the first of at least 5 births in the Virginia Colony, though there could have been more. When David went to court and “made oath that he imported himself, Jane his wife, Mary and William Logan from Ireland to Philadelphia…” this likely indicates that Willaim and Mary are their children[12]. Looking at the baptismal records, we clearly see Margaret in 1741, Benjamin in 1743, Hugh in 1745, John in 1747. Then it gets interesting. We see a baptism for our ancestor William in 1749 and no record of Mary at all. In addition, we know they had another son named Nathaniel.
The date of Williams birth is a mystery. In the oath he does not call William his son. However, if he was, this leaves us with two options, either William was baptized as an adult in 1749 or this was the second William after his son (the first William) died as a child. This will leave us with an uncertain birth year for our ancestor Willaim. Mary and Nathaniel do not have records, but the lack of a records really does not mean much at that time in American history. See Appendix A for a review of Williams’ birth.
In 1742 Augusta County received approval to form a Militia, as a result David joined under Captain James Cathy[xxii]. The Augusta militia is one of the oldest military units in the country, now known as the 116th infantry. This is the same infantry that during World War 2 stormed Omaha Beach[xxiii]. There was local violence, best illustrated by a news article reporting of an “Indian” raid, with 3 traders left “shot dead in the road.”[xxiv] However we have no way of knowing if David was involved in any military activities.
It is worth spending a moment reviewing the letter that was sent to Lt. Governor Gooch requesting the forming of the Militia. Note, it is believed to be a poor representation the level of literacy of the colony and begs the question why this person was the scribe. Beyond the spelling errors it gives a great view into the concerns of the local population.
“We your pittionours humbly sheweth that we your Honours Loly and Dutifull Subganckes hath ventred our Lives & all that we have In fettling ye back parts of Virginia which was a veri Great Hassirt & Dengrous, for it is the Hathins (heathens) Road to ware, which has proved hortfull to feveril of ous that were ye first fettlers of these back woods & wee your Honibill pittionors fome time a goo pittioned your Honnour for to have Commissioned men amungst ous which we your Honnours moft Duttifull fubjects thought properist men & men that had Hart and Curidg to hed us yn time of – & to defend your Contray and your poor Sobgacks Intrist from ye voilince of ye Haithen-Bvt yet agine we Humbly perfume to poot your Honnor yn mind ofour Great want of them in hopes that your Honner will Grant a Captins’ Commission to John McDowell, with follring ofishers, and your Honnours’ Complyence in this will be great fettisfiction to your moft Duttifull and Humbil pittioners-and we as in Duty bond shall Ever pray[xxv].”
In 1745 Augusta County took over its government forming a courthouse, police force among others. As a result, David became a constable appearing in a court record ordering the return of good and clothing to Margaret Lundy which was taken “by David Logan Constable”. I am not sure why he had her property, but it may be because she was involved in a lawsuit. It was at this time that we can glimpse into how justice system worked[xxvi] as a committee was appointed to “build a prison and erect stocks”. The prison ended up being a bit less than impressive in my view as it had “holes at ye corners and elsewhere two or three inches wide, and so poorly dove-tailed at the corners that it would be a very easy matter to pull it all down”. They also ordered a bar built right into the courthouse and “ordered that any attorney interrupting another at the bar, or speaking when he is not employed, forfeit five shillings”. Beyond punishing those that bothered the drinking lawyer, the punishments imposed give us a view of the community culture. We see charges for breach of peace during the sabbath, refusing to drink to the health of King George (though he drank to the health of King James) and giving birth to “a bastard child”. If convicted you could be brought to the whipping post as was the mother who had the bastard child, she got 20 lashes.
Being a British Colony David’s position of Constable tells us that they were a middle-class family. Following British tradition, the major political positions were all filled by influential residents (upper class) all owning over 1,000 acres of land[xxvii]. These positions include being a militia captain or a justice of the peace. Where a constable would be the next tier down indicating a small landowner. That said, it is worth noting that only 33% of “White Tithables” owned land[xxviii].
Rev. John Craig’s book[xxix] provides further insight into concerns within this community. He discusses the low state of morals among the “white servants” (indentured servants). In one case he notes that it was required for a Mr. James Patton to stand “sponsor for a child baptized, named Henry, born in his house of a convict servant, a base person’ could not be brought to tell who was the father.” He goes on to mention repeated lapses from the path of virtue requiring “public satisfaction” before the delinquents could get their children baptized. He was also very proud to have performed 883 baptisms in 9 years of service, obviously some repented.
Meanwhile, David remained engaged in public service when in 1752 he, with 19 others were listed as part of a “crew” to clear and keep in repair a section of road from “James Givin’s Mill to the road over Wood’s New Gap at the foot of the mountain.”[xxx] These roads became more and more necessary as the area was rapidly growing.
Around 1757 the Logan family lost David Logan[xxxi]. There was no will on record, it may be missing or never existed. We then enter a 10-year period of almost no records. We see Jane Logan listed in the Augusta Court “recording fruit’s inventory.” Sometime after that she passed, but we have no way of knowing when.
The McCowns
This brings us to our other Scotch-Irish ancestors, Frances McCown and his wife (wives) Mary and/or Margaret. It is not clear where they initially settled as it appears that Frances and Margaret may have been a small land speculator. Starting from his arrival in 1739 Frances is on record collecting land. There are no less than 7 purchases for a total of well over 1600 acres[xxxii]. These purchases covered a large area, including purchases from Borden and Beverley and by the James River (which is well south of Lexington). Many of these sales seemed to be at a pretty profit. For example, the 196 acres purchased from Beverley in 1739 for 5 pounds, sold for 55 pounds just 7 years later for 1100% ROI. Of interest, most of these sales included his wife Margaret in the deed, I wonder if this indicates her direct involvement as there were plenty of sales that did not include the wife[13].
We do know that by the time Frances passed he had 7 children, possibly with one or two wives. They are Malcom, George, Frances, James, Margaret, Nancy (our ancestor, also known as Agnes), and Isabel[xxxiii]. It is possible that Malcom is the same one mentioned in his oath of importation and Isabel is Elizabeth. There is a bit of uncertainty about Frances’ will[xxxiv]. One of his lines says “my Daughter marget” but goes on to say “nancy” and “katrin” not referring to them as daughters or any relation. In all other cases he used wife, daughter or son. Furthermore, he also mentions later “the Seven Children”. It is my view that either Katrin or Agnes is either a grandchild or a niece (or some other relation), but I can’t tell which.
Beyond land speculating and supporting a large family Frances was also an important member of his community[14]. Like David in 1742 Frances was listed in the Augusta County Militia, he was under Captain John McDowell.
On 14 Dec, 1742 Frances’ had an impactful engagement with Native Americans from Delaware. Samuel McDowell, Captain John McDowell’s son described the event[xxxv]. There were “thirty-three Delaware Indians” who came to the Borden Settlement. They were met by Captain McDowell and the professed friendship for “the whites” and that they were on their way to war with the Catawba Tribe. McDowell entertained them for the day and “treated them with whiskey”. The tribe then campted on the south branch of the north river where “they hunted, went to the houses of white people, scaring women and children”. As a result, Captain McDowell was ordered to call his company to “conduct the Indians beyond the white settlement”. While conducting them out of the settlement, supposedly, “One of the Indians was lame and fell behind, all the whites passing him, except one. The lame Indian left the path and went into the woods, and the white man who was in the rear fired his gun at him. Immediate the Indians raised the war whoop and the fight began.” As a result, Captain McDowell and 7 of his soldiers were slain. Eventually “the Indians gave way” leaving 17 dead with the survivors returning to Pennsylvania.
The Native Americans gave a very different account of the battle[xxxvi]. They said that “a Great number of white Men on horseback” approached and that two boys who were in the rear ran “and the white Men fired at them but missed them”. Seeing that the “Boys receiv’d no hurt, and a white Colour flying”, the captain told the “Indians to be quiet” as “a white Colour was always a token of Peace with the white men”. After laying down their bundles “the white Men alighted from their Horses just by and fired the second Time and Killed two upon the Spott.” As a result they “made a field Cry and were commanded by their Captain to fight for Life.” They felt that they got the upper hand and when the “white Men” fled, so their captain ordered them not to pursue them as they were there to fight the Catawba. The wounded were accompanied by the captain home for recovery which is where they gave this account. This incident was one of the factors that led to the treaty of Lancaster, Pennsylvania with the “6 nations” agreeing to provide the land to the settlers in the valley.
Frances also appeared in court a few times[xxxvii]. In 19 February 1745(6) he put in a claim for “Losses by Indians”[xxxviii]. Later he was “charged with stealing four pistoles and twenty-one shilling and six pence in silver out of the pocket of John Lockhart”. Fortunately for Frances “Willaim McCanless, aged about thirty-six years, being sworn says he never saw Francis McCown steal, pick or rob John Lockhart’s pocketbook.” Another witness said the same. The charges appeared to have been dismissed. In 1750 Frances became the “guardian of James McCord orphan of William McCord”. Shortly thereafter,[xxxix] he was taken to court by Andrew McCord claiming that Frances was about to send James to Carolina. This case was dismissed 6 months later due to non-appearance of Andrew.
On 18 November 1761 we reach the documented end of this generation with the death of Frances McCowin Sr. Margaret was clearly alive after his death as it is recorded that “the other executor Margaret McCown having refused to take on further burden of the execution of the will”. This, however, is the last record I have found for her. In his will written[15] on 9 October 1761, Frances declares that he is “very sick” but “perfect in mind and memory”. He asks to be buried in a “Christian like and decent manor”. He then goes on to split his possessions among his wife Margaret and his children. His son George is his executor and on 18 November 1761 George appears in court and conducts his obligations as executor along with two witnesses.
[1]I have seen trees list David in Lurgan and Frances in Atrim County, but no proof has been offered.
[2] While the tree provides birth years for David, Jane, and Frances they are merely estimates.
[3] see Appendix A for information on the birth of William Logan (either 1730s or 1749)
[4] This word is a bit hard to read and looks like “Hard” but that does not make sense
[5] Brother
[6] Our ancestors would likely have referred to themselves as Irish, not Scotch-Irish
[7] Per the August County Historical Society – until 1745 “Augusta’s records were kept in Orange”
[8] Established in 1777 out of Augusta County
[9] Also known as Haudenosaunee, meaning house builder, they were also called Iroquois
[10] Required a simplified oath of allegiance
[11] I have not been able to determine exactly where they settled. My main record is a land sale (400 acres) near the North River, today the Maury River. This would put him in Rockbridge, but he is not in the militia that makes up Rockbridge, but a different one. My best guess is near Lexington but can’t be sure.
[12] It must also be recognized that they could be other relations, siblings, parents?
[13] It could also indicate he inherited land during a potential second marriage to Margaret
[14] Unfortunately records on Margaret/Mary are lacking
[15] See Appendix B for his full will
[i] There is a record of a Christening of a David Logan on 27 Feb 1703 in Clones, County Monaghan, Ireland. This David’s father was Hugh Logan. There just is not enough information to confirm this record, so have to leave this as possible. Note, this county also was not the site of the Ulster Plantations. “Ireland Births and Baptisms, 1620-1881”, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F5P5-9DZ : 5 February 2020), David Logan, 1703.
[ii] From the Augusta County His society: “The greatest numbers of early Augusta settlers were from the province of Ulster…”
[iii] Orange County, Virginia Order Book 2 – 1739 – 1741 pg 158 transcribed by Virginia Genealogical Society quarterly vol 6 #2 – Located in Sean Logan’s Ancestry Account
[iv] IBID – pg 207
[v] Virginia WS Wills and probate records, 1652-1900 – image 382, pg 159
[vi] 1700s – The Voyage to America | Discover Ulster-Scots (discoverulsterscots.com)
[vii] Journal of a Voyage, 1726 (archives.gov)
[viii] Our History (augustacountyhs.org)
[ix] Historical notes from the records of Augusta County, Virginia, Part II (Concluded) (lancasterhistory.org)
[x] Mereness’s Travels in the American Colonies by Newton Mereness. Starting pg 325
[xi] Acquisition of Land from Orange County, Virginia Records, pgs 262-266, June 1739
[xii] Our History (augustacountyhs.org)
[xiii] The Great Wagon Road of the Carolinas – A Thesis – By Richard Remer – Pg 22
[xiv] The settlement of the value – The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol 30. No. 2 Apr 1922 (pp 169-182
[xv] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell: Spotswood letters, vol 1 pg. 40
[xvi] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell, pg 21
[xvii] The settlement of the value – The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol 30. No. 2 Apr 1922 (pp 169-182)
[xviii] IBID
[xix] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell, pg 34
[xx] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell, pg 40
[xxi] Craig, John,. List of baptisms by Rev. John Craig, Augusta County, Virginia, 1740-1749. Staunton, Va.: L.B. Hatke, 1979.
[xxii] The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vo. 8 No. 3 (Jan 1901) pp. 278-283 “Militia Companies in Augusta County, in 1742” by Jos. A Waddle,
[xxiii] Augusta Historical Society
[xxiv] South Carolina Gazette, March 1743
[xxv] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell pg. 45
[xxvi] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell, chapter 3
[xxvii] ““Rich Land, Poor Prospects” -Real Estate and the Formation of a Social Elite in Augusta County, Virginia, 1738 – 1770 by Turk McCleskey.
[xxviii] IBID
[xxix] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell pg. 48
[xxx] Chalkey’s Pg 262 – 15 Nov 1752 – located in the pre1800 Logan’s website
[xxxi] IBID, pg 201 18 March 1757
[xxxii] There has to be missing records as the sales do not equal the purchases. All are documented in “Chalkley’s” and is on pgs 20, 3, 105, 264, 453
[xxxiii] Will of Francis McCown 9 Oct 1761, see Will records 3:94-96, Clerk Circuit Court, Stanton VA.
[xxxiv] IBID
[xxxv] Annals of Augusta County VA by Joseph Addison Waddell pg. 46
[xxxvi] Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania Vol IV 1735-1745 pg 646 – Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to … – Pennsylvania. Provincial Council – Google Books
[xxxvii] Augusta County court records
[xxxviii] Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia Vol. 1 by Chalkley pg 15 Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish settlement in Virginia; Vol. 01 (familysearch.org)
[xxxix] IBID pg 48
Becoming Us 